human health and diseases CBSE solutions NCERT

 human health and diseases CBSE Solutions NCERT 

Q1. the various public measures are making hygiene in their surroundings, getting rid of bad foods, vaccinations should be made, personal hygiene should be maintained for good health, sanitation should their, proper washing of hands so that and would devoid of germs and other bacteria, removing garbage and making surrounding clean for best breathing. these are some which can prevent pathogenic diseases and will make health good and best.

Q2.the study of biology teaches us that how diseases are spread, what is the mode of transmission of certain diseases related to different pathogens and organisms which are deadly. from these vectors or modes of transmission, we can make n estimation of how to prevent those vectors in some or another way to reduce the spread of diseases around us and people. we can control contaminated foods and water, we can clean our surroundings clean, we can handle handkerchief with us to not to transfer droplets to every person, and many measures we can put to the prevention of diseases.

Q3.(a) amoebiasis transmit through contaminated food and water.

       (b) malaria can transmit from infected person to healthy person from the bite of mosquito Anopheles.

    (c) ascariasis spread through contaminated food and water in which we get eggs of this bacteria.

Q4.the measure that we should take during the spread of water-borne diseases as we should not be leaving water as stagnant, we should always cover that particular water with some cloth and regularly change the water as per the conditions of the weather. we should always never leave water on day and night as the larva accumulates in it and cause the malaria sn either water-borne diseases, the diseases caused by water can be from contaminated water which is infected water which may have a drastic effect on the body.

Q5.do it yourself.

Q6.rimary lymphoid organs are thymus and bone marrow whereas the secondary lymphoid organs are lymph nodes and spleen etc.

Q7.MALT- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 

      CMI- call medicated immunity 

       AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

      NACO- national aids control organization 

       HIV- human immunodeficiency virus 

Q8.(A) innate immunity is the type of immunity that can be developed within the organisms during the growth in their body. it is developed by some physiological factors, barriers, cytokines, cell barriers, etc. it is developed itself in the body when a pathogen goes inside our body. eg- skin, the acid in the stomach, mucosal lining etc. 

acquired immunity is the type of immunity that is to be developed from outside and is acquired from the external environment through vaccinations and getting diseased .eg- cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity etc.

(B)active immunity is immunity that is activated by some natural factors as vaccinations and being diseased for a particular disease may develop memory against that pathogen. eg- vaccine 

passive immunity in which the human takes immunity for the other factors like a baby takes from her mother by the first milk which contains colostrum which has active quantity if immunity which talked inside the body. 

Q9.given in pg. 151 ncert 

Q10.the various routes by which the HIV can transmit to various places is that by sexual mode of transmission around f the body, and lymph from one to another person, any fluid can transfer this disease, by kissing or personal contact o that person may cause this serious illness. it is not a communicable disease.

Q11. HIV critically injures the immune system by infecting and eventually killing T-cells. Once the virus has infected a T cell, HIV copies its RNA into double-stranded DNA copy by means of viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. This process is called reverse transcriptase because it violates the usual way in which genetic information is transcribed. Because reverse transcriptase lacks the proofreading function that most DNA synthesizing enzymes have, many mutations arise as the virus replicates, further hindering the ability of the immune system to combat the virus. These mutations allow the virus to evolve rapidly resulting in the loss of vital cells. As a result of the progressive destruction of its T-cells, the body is easily ravaged by a number of common infectious agents. In many instances, these infections would have caused little injury if there functional T-cells clones available.

Death ultimately results from the relentless attack of opportunistic pathogens or from the body’s inability to fight off malignancies.
virus. These mutations allow the virus to evolve rapidly resulting in the lost of vital cells. As a result of the progressive destruction of its T-cells, the body is easily ravaged by a number of common infectious agents. In many instances, these infections would have caused little injury if there functional T-cells clones available.
Death ultimately results from the relentless attack of opportunistic pathogens or from the body’s inability to fight off malignancies.

Q12.cancerous cell divides irregular and behave differently from other cells normal cells and uses the protein and essential nutrients synthesis ed in the body and est them or their nutrition, it takes metastasis all over the body, whereas the normal cells have grown and gone the senescence phase and die and this cycle repeats again and again for replenishment of the cells.

Q13.metastasis is the process by which the cancer cell immigrates around the body, it is the property by which the cell travels around the body and transport its tumour cells around the body causing the body cancer.

Q14.they ar numerous effects by which we can get affected to drinking, as it may cause cirrhosis which is damaging of the liver, it may severe death and can increase fats in the liver thus not efficiently absorbing the blood in to, and causing inflammation of the liver which can death to the fatty liver as well, may cause serious complications to the body system, may decrease our central nervous system thus decreasing the efficiency of nerve impulses and can reduce the hormone action, drinking in pregnancy can lead to foetus death, abortions, and effects in the development of the foetus, in mals it can reduce the sperm count and affect the body hormones and regular going.

Q15.by telling the effects of this drinking or taking drugs to them, by motivating them to not take such things, by asking the reasons for taking such material and going calm approach to them, by helping them in their situation so that they can't drink anymore, and that's how we could save the society.

Q16. do it yourself it is the same answer as given the last answer.

Q17.by will power of the individual, correct motivation and through active part and knowledge about these things fo the individual, it is easy to overcome these drinking problems and have easy go with drinking and smoking.